World Literature (non-English; whenever possible including both the original and English translation)

Copyright © 2001 Richard Seltzer

This Web page shows the table of contents of our World Literature 2-CD set. Internal links will take you to the various sections, but you cannot get to the books themselves here on the Web. For that you need the CD.

Intended for use with Windows and Linux PCs and recent Macs (OS X), this 2-CD set, with 2713 books, was compiled by Richard Seltzer. The books themselves are in the public domain. You can copy them onto your hard drive for convenience, or make an archival copy of the CD, as backup in case of damage to the original. But the collection and its indexes, created for your convenience, are under copyright. Please contact us first if you are interested in making copies of this CD for commercial purposes. seltzer@samizdat.com

This World Literature 2-CD set, with 2713 books, in plain text format, is available for $49 at our online store.

If you would like to have your PC (with speakers) read these texts aloud to you, while they are displayed in text on the screen, see below about the free ReadPlease software that we have included on this CD.  (NB -- This version of  the ReadPlease software does not run on Macs).

For details about this publishing service, check the readme document. You can contact us at seltzer@samizdat.com, B&R Samizdat Express, 33 Gould St., West Roxbury, MA 02132-002. 617-469-2269.

User's Guide: Suggestions on how to get the most out of your books on CD and DVD.

These books are in plain text format. You can copy them onto your hard drive for convenience, or make an archival copy of the CD, as backup in case of damage to the original.  You can open these books by clicking on the titles in this index page with your Web browser or a recent Windows-based word processor. (The one exception is an Icelandic Primer which is in .pdf format, requiring the free Acrobat Reader from Adobe.)

We publish plain text books (unencrypted) on CD and DVD, and we want to provide a simple way for customers and other interested people to share their insights into how to get the most out of this new way of reading and studying. To do so we have set up an email discussion group at Yahoo. All are welcome to join and to post here, but I'll manage this group in "moderated" style, filtering messages before they go out to the whole group, to control the volume of the messages and to make sure that they are on-topic. Tips and information that would be helpful to people you have plain text books on CD are welcome -- including examples of how you are using yours, suggestions for improvement,  suggestions for future CDs, and useful/interesting texts found on the Web that should be included in future CDs. To subscribe, go to the discussion group Web site at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/plaintextbooksoncd  or send a blank email to plaintextbooksoncd-subscribe@yahoogroups.com

Click on the language/nationality to go to one of the major sections of this index page.
CD #1

CD #2 The vast majority of these texts are in English translation; some are in the original languages; others are in both the original and English.

Table of Contents of the World Literature CD

This World Literature 2-CD set, with 2713 books, isavailable for $49 at our online store.


Arabic and Persian



Richard Burton (1821-1890)


Andrew Lang (editor) (1844-1912)


John Payne (1842-1916)

  • The Thousand Nights and One Night, translated by John Payne (first 4 of 9 volumes)

  • Argentinian


    Armenian


    Assyrian and Babylonian


    Belgian


    Hendrik (Henri) Conscience (1812-1883)


    Georges Eekhoud


    Camille Lemonier


    Emile Verhaeren (1855-1916)


    Brazilian

    Isaac Goldberg


    Chinese


    Danish

    Books in the Danish Language

    Herman Bang (1857-1912)

    Richard Kaufmann

    Chris K.F. Molbech

    Danish books translated to English

    Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)

    Johannes Ewald

    Jens Peter Jacobsen (1847-1885)

    Jonas Lie

    A.A. Wolff


    Dutch


    Desiderius Erasmus (c. 1469-1536)


    Heinrich Heine


    Captain John Gabriel Stedman


    L. Schipper


    Egyptian


    Estonian


    Finnish


    Books in the Finnish Language

    Anonymous

    Alfhild Agrell (1849-1923

    Juhani Aho (1861-1921)

    Jacob Ahrenberg (1847-1914)

    Aina (1856-1928)

    Santeri Alkio (1862-1920)

    Kotimainen Alkuteos

    Erik Bogh

    Fredika Bremer (1801-1865)

    J. W. Calammius (1838-1891)

    Minna Canth (1844-1897)

    Elizabeth Charles

    Barta Edelfelt (1837-1923)

    Betty Elfving (1837-1923)

    Kristian Elster (1841-1881)

    J.H. Erkko (1849-1906)

    Pekka Ervast (1875-1934)

    Gustaf Erik Euren (1818-1872)

    Maikki Friberg (1861-1927)

    Ellen Fries (1855-1900)

    Maria Furuhjelm (1846-1916)

    Bernhard Frederick Godenhjelm (1840-1912)

    Alexandra Grippenberg (1857-1913)

    K.J. Gummerus (1840-1898)

    Sofia Theolinden Hahnsson (1838-1919)

    Pretari Hannikainen

    Beatrice Harraden

    Alfred von Hedenstrom

    Helvi Herlevi (1898-1927)

    Kaarle August Hilden

    Wilhelmine von Hillern (1836-1916)

    Augusti Hogmen

    Sulo M. Hytonen

    Alfred Emil Ingman (1860-1917)

    Kaapro Jaaskelainen

    Evald Ferdinand Jahnsson (1844-1897)

    Kristofer Janson

    Lydia Jannsen

    Arvid Jarnefelt (1861-1932)

    Kirjala Joho (1878-1919)

    Valter Juva (1865-1922)

    Uuno Kaslas (1901-1933)

    Vaino Kataja (1867-1914)

    Kauppis-Heikki (1862-1920)

    Anni Kepplerus (1849-1899)

    Robert Kiljander (1848-1924)

    Hilja Kilpi (1844-1927)

    Aleksis Kivi (1834-1872)

    V.a. Koskenniemii

    Aarni Kouta (1884-1924)

    Kaarlo Kramsun (1855-1895)

    Julius Krohn (1835-1888)

    Matti Kurikka (1863-1915)

    Eduard Laboulaye (1811-1883)

    Osmo Lajiila

    Maiju Lassila (1868-1918)

    Joel Lehtonen (1881-1934)

    Eino Leino (1878-1926)

    Kasimir Leino (1866-1919)

    Jonas Lauritz Idemil Lie (1833-1908)

    Jonas Lie

    Johanna Linnankoski (1869-1913)

    Stefan Lofving

    Elias Lonnrot (1802-1884)

    Antii Makinen (1857-1936)

    Aino Malmberg (1865-1933)

    Enenie Marlitt

    Gustaf Henrik Mellin

    E. Nervander

    Alli Nissinen (1866-1926)

    Hanna Ongelin (1848-1893)

    Pietari Paivarinta (1827-1913)

    Teuvo Pakkala (1862-1925)

    Rietrik Polen (1823-1884)

    Elise Polko (1822-1899)

    Anders Ramsay (1832-1910)

    Mayne Reid (1818-1883)

    Joho Reijonen (1855-1924)

    Fritz Reuter (1810-1874)

    Mathilda Roos (1852-1908)

    Tekla Roschier (1870-1928)

    Auringon Noristesse

    Fredricka Runeberg (1867-1879)

    Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804-1877)

    Viktor Rydberg

    Marja Salmela (1875-1924)

    Gustav Schroder (1824-1912)

    Juhani Siljo (1888-1918)

    Eero Sissala

    Wilho Soini

    Hermann Sudermann (1857-1928)

    Samuli Suomalainen

    Bertha Von Suttner (1843-1914)

    Kunno a. Talvioja (1865-1933)

    Karl August Tavastetjerna (1860-1898)

    Kaarlo Hemmo Tiihonen

    Otto Tiuppa

    Zacharias Topelius (1819-1898)

    J. Waananen

    Saara Wacklin

    Josef Julius Wecksell (1838-1907)

    Kyosti Wilkuna (1879-1922)

    Elviira Wilman-Floranta (1875-1927)

    Yrjo Sakari Yryo-Koskinen (1830-1903)

    Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848)


    French


    Medieval and Renaissance French Literature


    Collections and Criticism and Periodicals


    Anonymous


    Edmond About (1828-1885)


    Amadee Achard


    Jean Aicard


    Gustave Aimard


    Alphonse Allais


    Madame Louise d'Alq


    Guillaume Apollinaire (1898-1902)


    Alfred Assollant (1827-1886)


    Marie-Catherine Barrone d'Aulnoy


    Jules Amedee Barbey d'Aurevilly (1808-1889)


    Theodore Aynard


    Honore de Balzac (1799-1850)

    about the Human Comedie about Balzac

    Theodore de Banville (1823-1891)


    Maurice Barres


    Marie Bashkirtseff


    Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867)


    Rene Bazin (1853-1932)


    Pierre-Augustin Caropn de Beaumarchais (1732-1799), bio at Wikipedia


    H. Beauregard (Canadian)


    Therese Bentzon (pseudonym of Marie Therese Blanc) (1840-1907)


    Emile Bergerat


    Charles de Bernard (1804-1850)


    Hector Bernier


    Joseph Bertrand (1799-1854)


    Lucien Biart


    Georges Bizet


    Fortune de Boisgobey (1821-1891)


    Boileau (1636-1711)


    Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Oeuvres de Napoleon Bonaparte

  • Guillaume-Hyacinthe Bougeant


    J.N. Bouilly


    Paul Bourget (1852-1935)


    Guyon Guerin de Bouscal (?-1657)


    Alexis Bouvier (1836-1892


    Rene Boylesve


    Brillat-Savarin


    Sebastian Brant (1458-1521)


    David Brossard


    Auguste Brougnes


    Ch. Buet


    Ernest Capendu (1826-1868)


    Eugene Cardeuc


    Madame Z. Carraud


    J.-B. Caouette


    Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635)


    Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand


    Henri de la Chaume


    Eugene Chavette (1827-1902)


    Andre Chenier


    Victor Cherbuliez (1829-1899)


    Emile Chevalier


    Albert Cim (Cimochowski) (1845-1924)


    Jules Claretie (1840-1913)


    Louise Colet


    Marie-Aimery de Cominges (AKA Ginko et Biloba)


    Mercier de Compiegne


    Laure Conan (1845-1924)


    Benjamin Constant (1767-1840)


    Francois Coppee (1842-1908)


    Edouard Corbiere (1793-1875)


    Tristan Corbiere


    Pierre Corneille (1606-1684)


    Henri de Croy


    Berenger de la Tour d'Albenas


    Georges Darien


    Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897)


    Ernest Daudet


    H. de la Bauchere


    Albert Delpit


    Le Comte de Marsey


    Jacques de Morgan


    Comtesse de Noailles


    Rene Descartes


    R.-L. Desdunes


    Nicolas-Marc (Le Sieur) Desfontaines (?-1652)


    Fernand Desnoyer


    Denis Diderot (1713-1784)


    Ernest Doin (1809-1891)


    Gustave Droz (1832-1895)


    Viollet le Duc


    Alexandre Dumas, pere (1802-1870)

    Works in English translation Works in French


    Alexandre Dumas, fils

    Works in English translation Works in French


    Charles des Ecores


    Erckmann-Chatrian (1822-1899)


    G. le Faure et H. de Graffigny


    Francois de Salignac de la Mothe Fenelon (1651-1715)


    Octave Feuillet (1821-1890)


    Paul Feval (1816-1887)


    Joseph Fievee


    Gustave Flaubert (1804-1876)

    about Flaubert


    Victor Fourbel


    Anatole France (pseudonym of Jacques-Anatole Thibault) (1844-1924)


    Hector France (1837-1908)


    Emile Gaboriau (1832-1873)


    Ro. Garnier


    Jules de Gastyne (1847-1920)


    Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)


    Judith Gauthier


    Theophile Gautier (1811-1872)


    Sophie Gay


    P. de la Gironiere


    Edmond de Goncourt (1822-1896) and Jules de Goncourt (1830 - 1870)


    Charles Gounod


    Remy de Gourmont (1858-1915)


    Henry Greville


    Francois Guizot (1787-1874)

  • History of France

  • M. Guizot


    Madame Guyon (1648-1717)


    Ludovic Halevy (1834-1908)


    Jose-Maria de Heredia (1842-1905)


    Ernest d'Hervilly (1839-1911)


    Victor Hugo (1802-1885)


    Jorris Karl Huysmans (1848-1907)


    Le Comte de Villiers d'Isle-Adam (1838-1889)


    E.M. Itard


    Alfred Jarry


    Tristan Klingsor


    Jean de la Bruyere


    Madame de Lafayette (1634-1693)


    La Fontaine (1621-1695)


    Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest (1853-1902)


    F. Laharpe


    Olivier de La Marche


    Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869)


    Baron Etienne Leon Lamothe-Langon (1786-1864)


    Leonce de Larmandie


    Le Comte de Lautreamont (1846-1870)


    Gaston Lavalley


    Emile de Laveleye


    Georgette Leblanc


    Maurice Leblanc


    Jules Lemaitre


    Camille Lemonnier


    Andre Lemoyne (1822-1907)


    L. Pamphile Lenay (Canadian)


    Madame Leprohon (Canadian)


    Jules Lermina (1839-1915)


    Gaston Leroux (1868-1927)


    Marc Lescarbot


    Maurice Level


    Eliphas Levi


    Pierre Loti (1850-1923)


    Eugene Loudun


    Pierre Louys (1870-1925)


    Stephane Mallarme (1842-1898)


    Hector Malot (1830-1907)


    Auguste Maquet (1813-1886)


    Jeanne Marcel


    Pierre Calet Chamlain de Marivaux (1688-1763)


    Raoul Marquis (AKA Henry de Graffigny) (1863-1934)


    Philippe de Masa (1831-1911)


    Henri Rene Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893)


    C. Meillac


    M. et Mme. Mercier-Thoinnet


    Prosper Merimee (1803-1870)


    Jean de Meung


    M. Michelet


    Octave Mirbeau


    Moliere (pseudonumn of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) (1622-1673)

    about Moliere

    Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)


    Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)


    Henri Murger


    Alfred de Musset (1810-1857)



     

    Paul de Musset (1804-1880)


    Ernest Myrand


    Gerard de Nerval


    Nicholas Francois de Neufchateau


    Charles Nodier (1780-1844)


    G. le Notre (1855-1935)


    Ph. Nournay


    Georges Ohnet (1848-1918)


    Isaac de La Peyrere (1594-1676


    Christine de Pisan


    Charles Perrault (1628-1703)


    Abbe Prevost (1697-1763)


    Sully Prudhomme


    Marie Quinton


    Francois Rabelais (1483-1553)

    Five books of the lives, heroic deeds and sayings of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel, translated into English by Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty and Peter Antony Motteux

    Jean Baptiste Racine (1639-1699)


    Ernest Renan (1823-1892)


    Jules Renard


    Adolphe Rette


    Mlle. E. Roche


    Francois Duc de la Rochefoucauld (1613-1680)


    Edmond Rostand (1869-1918)


    Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)


    Marquis de Sade (1740-1814)


    J.B.H. de Saint Pierre


    Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869)

    Portraits Litteraires


    Pierre Sale (1856?-1921?)


    George Sand (pseudonym of Lucile Amandine Aurore Dupin, the Baronne Dudevant) (1804-1876)

    Books in English

    Books by George Sand Books about George Sand

    Books in French

    Books by George Sand Books About George Sand

    Maurice Sand (son of George Sand) (1828-1889)


    Camille Saint-Saens


    Victorien Sardou (1831-1908)


    Paul Scaron (1610-1660)


    M. le General Comte de Segur


    La Comtesse de Segur (1799-1874)


    Sophie de Senneterre, Madame de Renneville (1772-1822)


    William Shakespeare in French, translated by M. Guizot


    Armand Silvestre (1837-1901)


    Madame Andree Sisson (1859-1914) (AKA Roger Dombre)


    Emile Souvestre (1806-1854)


    Madame la Baronne de Stael (1766-1817)


    Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie-Henri Beyle) (1783-1842)


    Eugene Sue (1804-1857)


    Jules Paul Tardival (1851-1905) (Canadian)


    Pierre Alexis (Le Vicomte) Ponson du Terrail


    Andre Theuriet (1833-1907)


    Leon de Tinseau (1844-1921)


    Victor Tissot (1845-1917)


    Gustave Toudouze (1847-1904)


    Mario Uchard


    Louis Ulbach (1822-1889)


    Octave Uzanne (1852-1931)


    Marguerite de Valois, Queen of Navarre (1492-1549) = La Reine Margot in the Dumas novel with that title volume 1, volume 2


    Luc de Clapier, Marquis de Vauvenargues (1715-1747), bio at Widipedia


    Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)


    Jules Verne (1828-1905)


    Alfred de Vigny (1797-1863)


    Francois Villon (1431-1463?)


    Voltaire (pseudonym of Francois Marie Arouet) (1694-1778)


    Pierre Zaccone (1817-1895)


    Emile Zola (1840-1902)

    About Emile Zola:

    German and Austrian


    Anonymous

    Collections and Criticism

  • An Anthology of German Literature edited by Calvin Thomas
  • A Book of German Lyrics, in German, edited by Frederick Burns
  • Deutsche Literaturgeschichte by Alfred Henschke
  • Estnische Marchen edited by Friedrich Kreutzwals
  • German Culture Past and Present by Ernest Belfort Bax
  • The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany by Arthur Renz
  • Light, Life, and Love: Selections from the German Mystics of the Middle Ages (1 book)
  • The German Classics of the 19th and 20th Centuries,
  • volume 1 -- Poems and Dramas
  • volume 2 -- Goethe
  • volume 3 -- Schiller
  • volume 4 -- Jean Paul, Humboldt, August Schlegel, Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis, Holderlin, Tieck, Kleist
  • volume 5 -- Romantic Philosophers
  • volume 6 -- Heine, Grillparzer, Beethoven
  • volume 7 -- Hegel et al.
  • volume 8 -- Auerbach et al.
  • volume 9 -- Friedrich Hebbel, Otto Ludwig
  • volume 10 -- Bismarck, Moltke, Lassalle
  • volume 12 -- Freytag, Fontane
  • German Romantics: Peter Schlemihl by Adelbertb Chamiso, The Story Without an End by Carode, Hymns to Night by Novalis (1 book)
  • German Stories volume 1
  • The Fury by Paul Heyse
  • The Philosopher's Pendulum by Rudolph Lindau
  • The Bookbinder of Hort by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
  • The Egyptian Fire-Eater by Rudolph Baumbach
  • Adventures of a New Year's Eve by Heinrich Zschokke
  • German Stories volume 2
  • Christian Gellert's Last Christmas by Berthold Auerbach
  • A Ghetto Violet by Leopold Kompert
  • The Severed Hand by Wilhelm Hauff
  • Peter Schlemihl by Adelbert von Chamisso
  • Translations of German Poetry in American Magazines 1741-1810 by Edward Ziegler Davis
  • Types of Weltschmerz in German Poetry by Wilhelm Alfred Brain

  • Ludwig Anzengruber (1839-1889)


    Ernst Arndt (1769-1860)


    Bertold Auerbach


    Hugo Ball (1886-1927)


    August Bebel (1840-1913)


    Ludwig Bechstein


    Eduard Bernstein


    Waldemar Bonsels


    Sebastian Brant (1458-1521)


    Lily Braun


    Clemens Brentano (1778-1842)


    A.V. Brochow


    Georg Buchner (1813-1837)


    Ludwig Buchner


    Wilhelm Busch


    A. Buttner


    Adelbert Cammerer


    Adelbert von Chamisso


    Udo Dammer


    Dante (1265-1321) in German Translation

  • Die Goetliche Komoedie

  • Max Dauthendey


    Georg Ebers, in English (1837-1898)


    George Engel


    Frederick Engels (1820-1895), bio at Wikipedia


    Ida Frohnmeyer


    Emil Frommel (1828-1896)


    Christian Gellert (1715-1769)


    Friedrich Gerstacker


    Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

    Die Aufgeregten, play
    Autobiography, in English
    Belagerung von Mainz
    Briefe aus der Sweiz
    Egmont, a tragedy in five acts Faust Die Geschwister
    Goetz von Berlichingen
    Hermann and Dorothea Iphigenia in Tauris, translated by Anna Swanwick
    Iphigenie in Tauris, in German

    Italienische Reise

    Kampagne in Frankreich
    Die Laune des Verliebten
    De Leiden des Jungen Werther or The Sorrows of Young Werther Die Mitschuldigen
    Die Naturliche Tocher
    Novelle, in German
    Poems, translated to English by Edgar Alfred Bowring
    Prometheus, play
    Reineke Fuchs
    Roemische Elegien Satyros, in German
    Torquato Tasso, play, in German

    Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten
    Venetische Epigramme
    Wahlverwandschaften
    West-oestlicher Divan
    Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, in German

    Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, in German about Goethe


    Ferdinand Heinrich Grautoff (1871-1935) (AKA Parabellum)


    Franz Grillparzer (1791-1872), bio at Wikipedia


    Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), bio at Wikipedia


    Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), bio at Wikipedia


    Friedrich Hebbel (1813-1863)


    J.C. Heer


    Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel


    Heinrich Heine (1797-1856)


    Rudolf Herzog


    Paul Heyse (1830-1914)


    E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776-1822)


    Alexander von Humboldt


    Franz Kafka (1883-1924), bio at Wikipedia


    Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), bio at Wikipedia


    Gottfried Keller (1819-1890)


    Georg Kershenstein


    Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811)


    Leopold Kompert


    August von Kotzebue (1761-1819), bio at Wikipedia


    Dorothea von Kurland


    Gottfried Leibniz 1646-1716), bio at Wikipedia


    Jacob Lenz (1751-1792)


    Gotthold Lessing (1729-1781)


    Otto Zur Linde


    Alexander Lipschultz


    Martin Luther (1483-1546)


    Franziska Mann


    Karl Marx (1818-1883), bio at Wikipedia


    Erich von Mendelssohn


    Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825-1898)


    Eduard Moerike (1804-1875)


    Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903)


    Christian Morgenstern (1871-1914)


    Louise Muhlbach (1814-1873)


    Friedrich Nietzsche


    Max Nordau


    Ferdinand Raimund (1790-1836)



     

    Rudolph Erich Raspe


    Walther Rathenau (1867-1922), bio at Wikipedia


    Christian Reuter


    Rainer Maria Rilke


    Wilhelm Ruland


    Hugo Salus (1866-1929)


    Agnes Sapper


    Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805)


    August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767-1845)


    Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931)


    Adolf Schwayer


    William Shakespeare (1564-1616) (in German translation)


    Richard Showronnek


    Johanna Spyri


    Heinrich Steinhausen


    Sigmund Stern


    Theodore Storm (1817-1888)


    Clara Sudermann


    Goswin Uphues


    Rittmeister Manfred Freiherrn von Richthofen [AKA "The Red Baron"]


    Richard Wagner


    Robert Walser


    Jacob Wassermann


    Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813)


    Greek



     

    Collections and Criticism


    Mythology and Legends


    Aeschylus


    Apollonius of Rhodes, third century BC


    Aristophanes


    Aristotle


    Demetrios Bikelos (modern)


    Demosthenes


    Epictetus


    Euripides (480-406 BC)


    Hesiod


    Homer (see also, Hesiod for Homerica)


    Longus


    Lucian of Samosata (c. 125-180)


    Lycias


    Pindar


    Plato, translated to English by Benjamin Jowett

    by unknown imitators of Plato

    Plutarch


    Quintus of Smyrna


    Sappho


    Sophocles


    Theocritus


    Xenophon


    Hawaiian



     


    Hungarian



     

    Maurice Jokai


    Icelandic


    Books in the Icelandic Language

    Anonymous

    Jon Olafsson (1850-1916)

    Magnus Grunsson (1825-1860)

    Ingimundur Sveinsson (1873-1926)

    Books translated from Icelandic to English