The Middle East -- Context for Conflict

Copyright © 2003 Richard Seltzer

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This Web page shows the table of contents of our Middle East CD, with 107 books. Internal links will take you to the various sections, but you cannot get to the books themselves here on the Web. For that you need the CD, which sells for $49 at stores (like Amazon), and for $29 directly from us at our online store http://store.yahoo.com/samizdat  Exception: As a sample of what you will find on our CD "The Middle East: Context for Conflict", we present for free on the Web the complete text of Iraq, a Country Study, written in 1989.

This CD was compiled by Richard Seltzer. The books themselves are in the public domain. You can copy them onto your hard drive for convenience, or make an archival copy of the CD, as backup in case of damage to the original. But the collection and its indexes, created for your convenience, are under copyright. Please contact us first if you are interested in making copies of this CD for commercial purposes. seltzer@samizdat.com

This CD contains the full text of 11 "Country Studies" published as printed books by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress between 1987 and 1995 under a program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Army.

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With the exception of the Persian Gulf States (which covers Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates), each of the Country Studies consists of five chapters:
Chapter 1 -- Historical Setting
Chapter 2 -- The Society and Its Environment
Chapter 3 -- The Economy
Chapter 4 -- Government and Politics
Chapter 5 -- National Security

In addition, we include:

• The 2005 edition of the CIA World Factbook, an interlinked set of hundreds of HTML documents, with detailed up-to-date reference information on every country in the world, with images of maps and flags.
• 95 classic works of history, literature, and religion, including The Koran and books on the traditions of Judaism, all in plain text form.

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Table of Contents

Country Studies

• Cyprus
• tables (html)
• Egypt
• tables (html)
• Iran
• tables (html)
• Iraq
• tables (html)
• Israel
• tables (html)
• Jordan
• tables (html)
• Lebanon
• tables (html)
• Persian Gulf States
• tables (html)
• Saudi Arabia
• tables (html)
• Syria
• tables (html)
• Turkey
• tables (html)
•  Table A. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms

2005 CIA World Factbook

• Country list
• Other files

History

• Ancient Egypt by George Rawlinson
• L'Archeologie Egyptienne by G. Maspero, in French
• L'Egyptologie by G. Maspero
• Lettres Ecrites d'Egypte et de Nubie en 1828 et 1829 by Champollion, 1868
• The Treasury of Ancient Egypt
• How to Observe in Archaelogy, suggestions for Travellers in the Near and Middle East by the British Museum
• Manual of Egyptian Archaeology by G. Maspero
• Lord's Lectures, Beacon Lights of History
• volume 2 Jewish Heroes and Prophets
• volume 4 Imperial Antiquity
• volume 5 The Middle Ages
• Assyrian Historiography, a Source Study by Albert Ten Eyck Olmstead
• Seven Great Monarchies by George Rawlinson
• Volume 1 Chaldaea
• Volume 2 Assyria
• Volume 3 Media
• Volume 4 Babylonia
• Volume 5 Persia Proper
• Volume 6 Parthia
• Volume 7 The Sassanian or New Persian Empire
• History of Phoenicia by George Rawlinson
• Anabasis by Xenophon, Translation by H. G. Dakyns
• The Ancient East by D.G. Hogarth
• Patriarchal Palestine by Rev. A. H. Sayce
• Cleopatra by Jacob Abbott
• The Persian War by Herodotus
• volume 1
• volume 2
• Flavius Josephus
• Antiquities of the Jews
• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
• Part 5
• Part 6
• Part 7
• Life of Flavius Josephus
• Wars of the Jews
• Part 1
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
• Part 5
• Part 6
• Part 7
•  Prolegomena to the History of Israel by Julius Wellhausen
• Early Israel and the Surrounding Nations by Rev. A.H. Sayce
• Edward Gibbon
• Fall of the Roman Empire (includes history of the Byzantine Empire)
• Volume 1
• Volume 2
• Volume 3
• Volume 4
• Volume 5
• Volume 6
• The Land of Midian by Richard Burton
• volume 1
• volume 2
• Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah by Richard Burton
• volume 1
• volume 2
• The Life of Sir Richard Burton by Thomas Wright
• The Afghan Wars (1839-42 and 1878-80) by Archibald Forbes
• The Arabian Art of Taming and Training Wild and Viciious Horses by T. Gilbert, 1856
• Palestine or the Holy Land, from the earliest period to the present time by Rev. Michael Russell
• Travels in Arabia by John Lewis Burckhardt
• Travels in Syria and the Holy Land by John Lewis Burckhardt
• Crescent and Iron Cross by E.F. Benson
• The Itinerary of Benjamin Tudela (12th Century)
• Pictures of Jewish Home-Life Fifty Years Ago by Hannah Trager
• How Jerusalem was Won, being the record of Allenby's Campaign in Palestine by W.T. Massey
• The Lands of the Saracen by Bayard Taylor, 1863
• With the Turks in Palestine by Alexander Aaronsohn, 1916
• War in the Garden of Eden by Kermit Roosevelt
• A Peep into Toorkisthan by Captain Rollo Burslem, 1846
• Persia Revisited by General Sir Thomas Edward Gordon, 1896
• Quinze Jours en Egypte by Fernand Neury, 1909, in French
• A Ride to India across Persia and Baluchistan by Harry de Windt
• Travels in Morocco by James Richardson
• volume 1
• volume 2
• Turkey: a Past and a Future by A.J. Toynbee, 1907
• Visit to the Holy Land, Egypt, and Italy by Madame Ida Pfeiffer
• Voyage dan l'Aures: Notes d'un Medecin Envoye en Mission Chez les Femmes Arabes by Dorothee Chellier, 1895

Literature

• Babylonian and Assyrian Literature edited by Epiphanius Wilson
• The Arabian Nights
• Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (Arabian Nights, complete, translated by Richard Burton)
• Volume 1
• Volume 2
• Volume 3
• Volume 4
• Volume 5
• Volume 6
• Volume 7
• Volume 8
• Volume 9
• Volume 10
• Supplement Volume1
• Supplement Volume 2
• Supplement Volume 3
• Supplement Volume 4
• Supplement Volume 5
• Supplement Volume 6
• Arabian Nights Entertainments edited by Andrew Lang
• Alladdin and the Enchanted Lamp translated by John Payne
• The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, translated by John Payne
• volume 1
• volume 2
• volume 3
• volume 4
• Tales from the Arabic translated by John Payne
• Arabian Nights translated by anonymous (1813), volume 1 of 2
• Arabian Nights translated by Jonathan Scott (1890)
• The Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature part 1 by M. Inostranzev
• Jerusalem Delivered by Tasso
• The Kasidah of Haji Abdu El-Yezdi translated and Annotated by Richard Burton
• with accents
• without accents
• The Diwan of Abu'l-ala (Syrian 973 AD) by Henry Baerlin
• The Madman: His Parables and Poems by Kahil Gibran (short)
• Moorish Literature, comprising romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers, stories of the Kabyles, Folk Lore and National Traditions
• Oriental Literature: The Literature of ARabia edited by Epiphanius Wilson, 1900
• The Story of Hassan of Baghdad by James Flecker
• The Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward Fitzgerald
• The Turkish Jester by Cogia Nasr Eddin Efendi, translated from Turkish by George Borrow
• The Talisman by Sir Walter Scott
• Almoran and Hamet by John Hawkesworth
• Zenobia by William Ware

Religion and Philosophy

• Ancient
• Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life by E.A. Wallis Budge
• The Babylonian Story of the Deluge by E.A. Wallis Budge
• The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight Between Bel and the Dragon, told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh
• Legends of Babylon and Egypt in Relation to Hebrew Tradition by Leonard W. King
• Legends of the Gods [Egyptian] by E.A. Wallis Budge
• The Egyptian Concept of Immortality by George Reisner, 1911
• The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Theophilus Pinches
• Moslem/Islam
• The Koran, translated by J.M. Rodwell
• The Qu'ran or Koran translated from the Arabic by E.H. Palmer (from the Sacred Books of the East collection, Volumes 6 and 9. The original html version is available on the Web at http://www.sacred-texts.com/isl/palm/index.htm )
• Christianity and Islam by C.H. Becker
• Mahomet: Founder of Islam by G.M. Draycott
• Mohammed by E.E. Hayes
• Mohammedism by C. Snouck Hurgronje

 
• Judaism
• Jewish History by S.M. Dubnow
• The Tanach, the Jewish Bible, 1917 Jewish Publication Societies' English translation (the original html version is avilalbe on the Web at http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jps/index.htm)
• The Babylonian Talmud translated by Michale L. Rodkinson
• Volume 1 -- Tract Sabbath, volume 1
• Volume 2 -- Tract Sabbath volume 2
• Section Moed (Festivals)
• Volume 3 -- Tract Erubin
• Volume 4 -- Tracts Shekalim and Rosh Hashana
• Volume 5 -- Tract Pesachim
• Volume 6 -- Tracts Yomah and Hagiga
• Volume 7 -- Tracts Betzah, Succah, an Moed Katan
• Volume 8 -- Tracts Taanith, Megill, and Ebel Rabbathi
• Section Jurisprudence (Damages)
• Volume 9 -- Tracts Aboth, Derch-Eretz, and Zeta
• Volume 10 -- Tract Baba Kama, Part 1
• Volume 11 -- Tract Baba Kama Part 2 and Baba Metzia Part 1
• Volume 12 -- Tract Baba Metzia Part 2
• Volume 13 -- Tract Baba Bathra Part 1
• Volume 14 -- Tract Baba Bathra Part 2
• Volume 15 -- Tract Sanhedrin Part 1
• Volume 16 -- Tract Sanhedrin Part 2
• Volume 17 -- Tracts Maccoth, Shebuoth, and Eduyoth
• Volume 18 -- Tracts Abuda Zara and Horioth
• Volume 19 -- History of the Talmud volume 1
• Volume 20 -- History of the Talmud volume 2
• The Guide for the Perplexed by Moses Maimonides translated by M. Friedlander (the original html version is available on the Web at http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/gfp/gfp.htm)
• Hebraic Literature: translations from the Talmud, Midrashim and Kabbala
• Judaism by Israel Abraham
• Kabbala Denudat: The Kabbalah Unveiled, containing the following Books of the Zohar: The Book of Concealed Mystery, The Greater Holy Assembly, and The Lesser Holy Assembly, translated by S.L. MacGregor Mathers
• The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg
• volume 1
• volume 2
• Medieval Hebrew, featuring the Midrash and medieval collections of Jewish Biblical lore and legend (the original html version is available on the Web at  http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/mhl/index.htm)
• Sayings of the Jewish Fathers (Pirqe Aboth) translated by Charles Taylor
• Tales and Maxims from the Midrash by Rev. Samuel Rapaport
• Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria by Norman Bentwick
• Zoroastrianism (originally from Persia, now Iran)
• Zend-Avesta
• Part 1: Avesta: Vendidad  (Sacred Books of the East Volume 4)
• Part 2 (Sacred Books of the East Volume 23):
• Khorda Avesta: Book of Common Prayer pt. 1
• Khorda Avesta: Book of Common Prayer pt. 2
• Part 3 (Sacred Books of the East Volume 31):
• Avesta: Yasna
• Avesta: Visperad (short)
• Avesta Fragments (short)
• Pahlavi Texts
• Part 1: The Bundahis-Bahman Yast and Shayast La-Shayast (Sacred Books of the East Volume 5)
• Part 3 (Sacred Books of the East Volume 24)
• Dadestan-i Denig
• Menog-i Khrad
• Sad Dar

About the Country Studies Program

"The Country Studies Series presents a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of countries throughout the world and examines the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors.

"The books represent the analysis of the authors and should not be construed as an expression of an official United States Government position, policy, or decision. The authors have sought to adhere to accepted standards of scholarly objectivity. Corrections, additions, and suggestions for changes from readers will be welcomed for use in future hard copy editions (E-mail frds@loc.gov).

"Information contained in the Country Studies On-Line is not copyrighted and thus is available for free and unrestricted use by researchers. As a courtesy, however, appropriate credit should be given to the series."

The online version can be found at http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html

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Detailed Table of Contents for Country Studies

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Egypt
•   The Predynastic Period and the First and Second Dynasties, 6000-2686 B.C.
•   Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C.
•   Pyramid Building in the Old and Middle Kingdoms
•   The New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 1552-664 B.C.
•   Art and Architecture in the New Kingdom
•   The Cult of the Sun God and Akhenaten's Monotheism
•   The Late Period, 664-323 B.C.
•  Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine Egypt, 332 B.C.-A.D. 642
•   The Alexandrian Conquest
•   The Ptolemaic Period
•   Egypt under Rome and Byzantium, 30 B.C.-A.D. 640
•  Medieval Egypt
•   The Arab Conquest, 639-41
•   The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260
•   The Mamluks, 1250-1517
•  Egypt Under the Ottoman Empire
•  Modern Egypt
•   The Neo-Mamluk Beylicate, 1760-98
•   The French Invasion and Occupation, 1798-1801
•   Muhammad Ali, 1805-48
•   Abbas Hilmi I, 1848-54 and Said, 1854-63
•   Social Change in the Nineteenth Century
•   Rural Society
•   Towns and Cities
• From Autonomy to Occupation: Ismail, Tawfiq, and Urabi Revolt
•   Khedive Ismail, 1863-79
•   From Intervention to Occupation, 1876-82
• From Occupation to Nominal Independence: 1882-1923
•   The Occupiers
•   Economy and Society under Occupation
•   Egypt under the Protectorate and the 1919 Revolution
•  The Era of Liberal Constitutionalism and Party Politics
•   The Rise and Decline of the Wafd, 1924-39
•   Egypt During the War, 1939-45
•   On the Threshold of Revolution, 1945-52
•   The Revolution and the Early Years of the New Government: 1952-56
•   Egypt and the Arab World
•   Nasser and Arab Socialism
•   Egypt, the Arabs, and Israel
•   The June 1967 War
• The Aftermath of the War
•   Internal Relations
•   External Relations
•   Nasser's Legacy
•   Sadat Takes Over, 1970-73
•   October 1973 War
•   Political Developments, 1971-78
•   Egypt's New Direction
•   Peace with Israel
•   The Aftermath of Camp David and the Assassination of Sadat
• Mubarak and the Middle Way
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   Physical Size and Borders
•   Natural Regions
•   Nile Valley and Delta
•   Western Desert
•   Eastern Desert
•   Sinai Peninsula
•   Climate
• Population
•   Population Control Policies
•   Major Cities
•   Emigration
•   Minorities
• Social Organization
•   Urban Society
•   Rural Society
• Family and Kinship
•   Importance of Kinship
•   Attitudes Toward Women
•   Changing Status of Women
• Religion
•   Islam
•   Early Developments
•   Contemporary Islam
•   Islamic Political Movements
•   Coptic Church
•   Other Religious Minorities
• Education
• Health and Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Structure, Growth, and Development of the Economy
•   Infrastructure
•   Transportation
•   Communications
• The Role of Government
•   Mubarak's Gradualism?
•   Development Planning
•   Pricing and Subsidy
•   Exchange Rates
•   Public Finance
•   Banking, Credit, and Inflation
• Labor
•   Employment
•   Wages
• Agriculture
•   The Food Gap
•   Land Ownership and Reform
•   Land Reclamation and Loss
•   Pricing Policy
•   Cropping Patterns, Production, and Yield
•   Technology
• Energy, Mining, and Manufacturing
•   Energy
•   Mining
•   Manufacturing
• Foreign Trade
•   Exports
•   Imports
•   Trade Partners
• Balance of Payments and Main Sources of Foreign Exchange
•   Petroleum
•   Suez Canal
•   Remittances
•   Tourism
•   Current Account Balance
•   Capital Account and Capital Grants
•   Direct Foreign Investment
•   Loans
• Debt and Restructuring
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• The Dominant Executive and the Power Elite
•   The Presidency
•   The President and the Power Elite
•   The Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and the Policy-making Process
•   The Road to Power: Recruitment and Composition of the Elite
•   Elite Ideology
•   Politics among Elites
•   Military Politics
•   The Politics of Economic Strategy
•   The Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation
•   Local Government
• The Subordinate Branches: the Regime and Its Constituency
•   Parliament
•   The Judiciary, Civil Rights, and the Rule of Law
•   The Political Role of the Media
•   Interest Groups
• Controlling the Mass Political Arena
•   The "Dominant Party System"
•   The Ruling Party
•   The Opposition Parties
•   Elections
•   Limits of Incorporation: Rise of Political Islam and the Continuing Role of Repression
• Foreign Policy
•   The Determinants of Foreign Policy
•   Foreign Policy Decision Making
•   The Development of Foreign Policy
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Military Heritage
•   The Egyptian Military in World War II
•   First Arab-Israeli War
•   The 1956 War
•   The June 1967 War
•   War of Attrition and the October 1973 War
• Security Concerns and Strategic Perspectives
• The Military in National Life
• The Armed Forces
•   Army
•   Air Force
•   Navy
•   Air Defense Force
•   Training and Education
•   Conscription and Reserves
•   Conditions of Service
•   Defense Spending
•   Military Justice
•   Uniforms and Insignia
• Armed Forces Production
•   Production of Civilian Goods
•   Defense Industry
• Foreign Military Assistance
• Internal Security
•   Muslim Extremism
•   Leftist Organizations
•   Police
•   Organization
•   Training
•   Central Security Forces
•   Intelligence Services
• Crime and Punishment
•   The Judicial System
•   Incidence of Crime
•   Drug Trafficking
•   The Penal System
• Bibliography
• Glossary

Iran
 

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
•  Ancient Iran
•   Pre-Achaemenid Iran
•   Immigration of the Medes and the Persians
•   The Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 B.C.
•   Alexander the Great, the Seleucids, and the Parthians
•   The Sassanids, A.D. 224-642
•   Islamic Conquest
• Invasions of the Mongols and Tamerlane
• The Safavids, 1501-1722
• The Qajars, 1795-1925
•   The Constitutional Revolution
•   World War I
• The Era of Reza Shah, 1921-41
• World War II and the Azarbaijan Crisis
• Mossadeq and Oil Nationalization
• The Post-Mossadeq Era and the Shah's White Revolution
•   State and Society, 1964-74
•   Renewed Opposition
•   The Coming of the Revolution
• The Bakhtiar Government
• The Revolution
•   Bazargan and the Provisional Government
•   The New Constitution
•   The Bani Sadr Presidency
•   Terror and Repression
•   Consolidation of the Revolution
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   Topography
•   Climate
• Population
•   Major Cities
•   Emigration
•   Refugees
• Peoples and Languages
•   The Persian Language
•   The Persian-speaking People
•   Indo-Iranian-speaking Groups
•   Lurs and Bakhtiaris
•   Baluchis
•   Kurds
•   Other Groups
•   Turkic-speaking Groups
•   Azarbaijanis
•   Qashqais
•   Other Groups
•   Semitic Language Groups
•   Armenians
• Structure of Society
•   Urban Society
•   The Urban Political Elite
•   The Bazaar
•   Social Class in Contemporary Iran
•   The Upper Classes
•   The Middle Classes
•   The Working Class
•   The Lower Class
•   Urban Migration
•   Rural Society
•   Nomadic Society
• The Family
• The Sexes
•   Traditional Attitudes Toward Segregation of the Sexes
•   Impact of Western Ideas on the Role of Women
•   Female Participation in the Work Force
• Religious Life
•   Shia Islam in Iran
•   Distinctive Beliefs
•   Religious Obligations
•   Religious Institutions and Organizations
•   Religious Hierarchy
•   Unorthodox Shia Religious Movements
•   Sunni Muslims
•   Non-Muslim Minorities
•   Bahais
•   Christians
•   Jews
•   Zoroastrians
• Education
• Health and Welfare
•   Medical Personnel and Facilities
•   Health Hazards and Preventive Medicine
•   Water Supply and Sanitation
•   Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Role of the Government
•   The Beginnings of Modernization: The Post-1925 Period
•   Oil Revenues and the Acceleration of Modernization, 1960-79
•   The Post-1979 Period
•   Monetary and Fiscal Policy
•   Banking
•   Taxes
• The War's Impact on the Economy
•   Oil Exports
•   War Costs
• Labor Force
• Petroleum Industry
•   Oil and Gas Industry
•   Production and Reserves
•   Concession Agreements
•   Refining and Transport
• Non-Oil Industry
•   Carpets
•   Construction
•   Manufacturing and Industrial Development
•   Mining and Quarrying
•   Utilities
•   Transportation and Telecommunications
•   Transportation
•   Telecommunications
•   Tourism
• Agriculture
•   Water
•   Land Use
•   Crop Production
•   Grains
•   Sugar
•   Livestock
•   Fisheries
•   Forestry
• Foreign Trade
•   Imports
•   Non-Oil Exports
•   Trade Partners
• Balance of Payments
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• Constitutional Framework
•   The Faqih
•   The Presidency
•   The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers
•   The Majlis
•   The Council of Guardians
•   The Judiciary
• Local Government
• Political Dynamics
•   The Provisional Government
•   The Rise and Fall of Bani Sadr
•   The Reign of Terror
•   The Consolidation of Theocracy
• Political Parties
•   The Domination of the Islamic Republican Party
•   Opposition Political Parties in Exile
•   Monarchists
•   Democratic Parties
•   Islamic Groups
•   Marxists
• Political Orientations
• The Mass Media
• Foreign Policy
•   Concept of Export of Revolution
•   Concept of Neither East nor West
•   The Iran-Iraq War
•   Relations with Regional Powers
•   The Persian Gulf States
•   Turkey, Pakistan, and Afghanistan
•   Israel and the Non-Gulf Arab States
•   Iran's Role in Lebanon
•   Iran and International Organizations
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Armed Forces
•   Historical Background
•   The Revolutionary Period
•   Command and Control
•   Organization, Size, and Equipment
•   Army
•   Navy
•   Air Force
•   Source and Quality of Manpower
•   Foreign Influences in Weapons, Training, and Support Systems
•   Domestic Arms Production
• Special and Irregular Armed Forces
•   Organization and Functions
•   Operations
•   Role in National Security
• The Iran-Iraq War
•   The Original Iraqi Offensive
•   Iranian Mobilization and Resistance
•   The Iranian Counteroffensive
•   The War of Attrition
•   Internationalization of the War
•   Gradual Superpower Involvement
•   The Tanker War
•   Role of the Air Force
•   Role of the Navy
• Armed Forces and Society
•   Status in National Life
•   The Defense Burden
•   The Impact of Casualties on Society
•   Treatment of Veterans and Widows
• Internal Security
•   Internal Security in the 1970s
•   Law Enforcement Agencies
•    SAVAK
•    SAVAMA
•    Gendarmerie and National Police
•   Antiregime Opposition Groups
•    Mojahedin
•    Fadayan
•    Paykar
•   The Role of Minorities in Internal Security
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Mesopotamia
•   Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria
•   Iranian and Greek Intrusions
• The Arab Conquest and the Coming of Islam
•   The Sunni-Shia Controversy
•   The Abbasid Caliphate, 750-1258
•   The Mongol Invasion
• The Ottoman Period, 1534-1918
• World War I and the British Mandate
• Iraq as an Independent Monarchy
• Republican Iraq
• Coups, Coup Attempts, and Foreign Policy
• The Emergence of Saddam Husayn, 1968-79
• The Iran-Iraq Conflict
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography and Population
•   Boundaries
•   Major Geographical Features
•   Settlement Patterns
•   Climate
•   Population
•   The People
•    Kurds
•    Other Minorities
• Religious Life
•   Islam
•   Sunnis
•   Shias
•   Sunni-Shia Relations in Iraq
• Social Systems
•   Rural Society
•   Impact of Agrarian Reform
•   Urban Society
•   Stratification and Social Classes
• Family and Society
• Education and Welfare
•   Education
•   Health
•   Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Growth and Structure of the Economy
• The Role of Government
• Banking and Finance
• The Oil Sector
•   Developments Through World War II
•   The Turkish Petroleum Company
•   Post-World War II Through the 1970s
•   Oil in the 1980s
• Industrialization
• Agriculture
•   Water Resources
•   Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
•   Cropping and Livestock
• Transportation
•   Roads
•   Railroads
•   Ports
•   Airports
• Telecommunications
• Electricity
• Foreign Trade
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• Constitutional Framework
• Government
•   The Revolutionary Command Council
•   The National Assembly
•   The President and the Council of Ministers
•   The Judiciary
•   Local Government
•   Kurdish Autonomy
• Politics
•   The Baath Party
•   The Politics of Alliance: The Progressive National Front
•   Political Opposition
• Mass Media
• Foreign Policy
•   The Soviet Union
•   The West
•   The Persian Gulf Countries
•   Iraq and Other Arab Countries
•   Relations with Other Countries
•   Participation in International Organizations
• Chapter 5. National Security
• National Security Concerns
• The Regular Armed Forces
•   Size, Equipment, and Organization
•   Manpower and Training
•   Conditions of Service and Morale
•   Military Justice System
•   Uniforms and Rank Insignia
• Paramilitary Forces
• Foreign Military Ties
•   Military Ties Prior to the Iran-Iraq War
•   The Iran-Iraq War and the Quest for New Sources of Arms
•   Arms from the Soviet Union
•   Arms from France
•   The Search for Nuclear Technology
• The Iran-Iraq War
•   Iraqi Offensives, 1980-82
•   Iraqi Retreats, 1982-84
•   The War of Attrition, 1984-87
•   The Tanker War, 1984-87
• Armed Forces and Society
•   Status in National Life
•   The Sociology of the Military
•   The Defense Burden
•   The Impact of Casualties on the Armed Forces
•   Treatment of Veterans and Widows
• Internal Security
•   Internal Developments and Security
•   The Kurdish Problem
•   The Iraqi Communists and Baathist Iraq
•   Impact of the Iranian Revolution on Iraqi Shias
•   Internal Security in the 1980s
•   Incidence of Crime
•   Criminal Justice System
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Israel
• Hellenism and the Roman Conquest
• Palestine Between the Romans and Modern Times
• Origins of Zionism
•   Zionist Precursors
•   Political Zionism
•   Cultural Zionism
•   Labor Zionism
•   Revisionist Zionism
• Events in Palestine, 1908-48
•   Arab Nationalism
•   World War I: Diplomacy and Intrigue
•   The Arab Community During the Mandate
•   The Jewish Community under the Mandate
•   The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-39
•   World War II and Zionism
•   The Holocaust
•   Prelude to Statehood
• Problems of the New State, 1948-67
•   Etatism
•   Ingathering of the Exiles
•   Israeli Arabs, Arab Land, and Arab Refugees
•   The Emergence of the IDF
• 1967 and Afterward
•   The War of Attrition
•   The October 1973 War
•   The Decline of the Labor Party
•   Oriental Jews
• The Begin Era
•   The Peace Process
•   The Occupied Territories
•   Israeli Action in Lebanon, 1978-82
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   Topography
•   Climate
• Population
• Social Structure
•   Varieties of Israeli Judaism
•   Orthodox Judaism
•   Non-Orthodox Judaism
•   The Role of Judaism
•   Judaism, Civil Religion, and the "New Zionism"
•   Religious Institutions
•   The "Who Is a Jew?" Controversy
•   The Orthodox-Secular Cleavage
•   Jewish Ethnic Groups
•   The Ashkenazi-Oriental Distinction
•   The Second Israel
•   Ethnicity and Social Class
•   Minority Groups
•   The Druzes
•   The Arab-Jewish Cleavage
•   Distinctive Social Institutions
•   The Histadrut
•   Kibbutz and Moshav
•   The Ulpan and Merkaz Klita
• Education
•   Higher Education
•   Youth Movements and Organizations
• Health
• Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Overview of the 1948-72 Period
• Economic Growth and Structural Change
•   Slowdown of Economic Growth
•   Changes in Investment Patterns
•   Changes in Industrial Structure
•   Changes in Labor Force
• The Public Sector
•   Government Budget
•   Provision of Civilian Services
•   Provision of Defense Services
•   Taxation
• Industry
•   Electronics
•   Biotechnology
•   Diamonds
•   Chemicals, Rubber, and Plastics
•   Clothing and Textiles
•   Construction
•   Tourism
•   Energy
• Agriculture
• Financial Services
• Transportation and Communications
• Foreign Trade
• Balance of Payments
• The Economic Stabilization Program of July 1985

• The Constitutional Framework
• Government
•   The President
•   The Cabinet
•    The Civil Service
•    The Knesset
•   The State Comptroller
•   The Judicial System
•   Local Government
•   Civilian Administration in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
•  National Institutions
•   World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency
•   Histadrut
• Political Framework: Elite, Values, and Orientations
• Multiparty System
•   Alignment Parties
•   Labor Party
•   Mapam
•   Citizens' Rights Movement (CRM)
•   Shinui (Change)
•   The Likud Bloc
•   Religious Parties
•    National Religious Party
•   Agudat Israel
•   Shas
•   Central Religious Camp
•   Right-Wing Ultranationalist Parties
•   Extraparliamentary Religio-Nationalist Movements
•   Arab Parties
•   Interest Groups
• Prospects for Electoral Reform
• Civil-Miltary Relations
• Foreign Relations
•   Relations with Middle Eastern States
•   Egypt
•   Jordan
•   Morocco
•    Iran
•   Relations with the United States
•   Relations with the Soviet Union
•   Relations with Eastern Europe
•   Relations with Western Europe
•   Relations with African States
•   Relations with Asian States
•   Relations with Latin America
• Communications Media
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Security: a Persistent National Concern
•   Historical Background
•   War of Independence
•   1956 War
•   June 1967 War
•   October 1973 War
•   1982 Invasion of Lebanon
•   The Siege of Beirut and Its Aftermath
• Concepts of National Security
•   Dormant War
•   Extensive Threat
•   Strategic Depth
•   Potential Causes of War
•   Nuclear and Conventional Deterrents
•   Autonomy
• International and Domestic Security Concerns
•   The Arab Military Threat
•   Palestinian Terrorist Groups
•   Jewish Terrorist Organizations
• The Israel Defense Forces
•   Command Structure
•   Ground Forces
•   Navy
•   Air Force
•   Nahal
•   Gadna
•   Conscription
•   Women in the IDF
•   Reserve Duty
•   Training
•   Minorities in the IDF
•   Pay and Benefits
•   Rank, Insignia, and Uniforms
•   Awards and Decorations
•   Discipline and Military Justice
• The IDF in the Occupied Territories
•   Military Government
•   Palestinian Uprising, December 1987-
• Armed Forces and Society
•   Economic Impact
•   The IDF as a Socializing Factor
•   The Military in Political Life
• Defense Production and Sales
•   Defense Industries
•   Nuclear Weapons Potential
•   Foreign Military Sales and Assistance
• Military Cooperation with the United States
• The Israel Police
•   Subordinate Forces
•   Police Reform
• Intelligence Services
•   Mossad
•   Aman
•   Shin Bet
•   Lekem
• Criminal Justice
•   Judicial System
•   Criminal Justice in the Occupied Territories
•   Penal System
• Appendix B. Political Parties and Organizations
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Table of Contents
• Forward
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• The Jordan Region in Antiquity
• Islam and Arab Rule
• Ottoman Rule
• Conflicting Nationalisms: Arab Nationalism and Zionism
• World War I: Diplomacy and Intrigue
• Transjordan
• Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
•   Hussein's Early Reign
•   Crisis and Realignment
•   Development and Disaster
•   The Guerrilla Crisis
• War and Diplomacy
• The Rabat Summit Conference and After
•   Relations with the Palestine Liberation Organization
•   Jordanian-Syrian Relations
•   The Camp David Accords and Inter-Arab Politics
• Jordan in the 1980s
•   The Islamic Revolution and a New Arab Alignment
•   In Search of a Solution to the Palestinian Problem
•   Economic Austerity, 1981-
•   The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   Boundaries
•   Topography
•   Climate
• Population
• The Organization of Society: Cohesion and Conflict
•   Ethnicity and Language
•   Tribes and Tribalism
•   Villages
•   Palestinians
•   Urban Areas and Urbanization
•   Migration
• Kinship, Family, and the Individual
•   Family and Household
•   Family Relationships
•   Changing Social Relations and Values
•   Women and Work
• Religious Life
•   Early Development of Islam
•   Tenets of Sunni Islam
•   Islam in Social Life
•   Islamic Revival
•   Religious Minorities
• Education
• Health and Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Structure and Dynamics of the Economy
•   GDP by Sector
•   The Late 1980s
•   Deflation
•   External Debt
•   Devaluation
•   Austerity Measures
• The Role of the Government
•   A Mixed Economy
•   The Budget
•   Expenditures
•   Revenue and Taxation
•   Development Planning
•   The 1986-90 Five-Year Plan
•   Long-Range Planning
• Labor Force
•   Labor Emigration
•   Remittance Income
•   Labor Force and Unemployment
• Industry
•   Manufacturing
•   Industrial Policy
•   Electricity Generation
• Transportation and Communications
•   Transportation
•   Roads
•   Railroads
•   Ports
•   Civil Aviation and Airports
•   Telecommunications
• Natural Resources
•   Phosphates
•   Potash
•   Oil and Gas
•   Water
• Agriculture
•   Agricultural Development
•   Cropping and Production
•   Livestock
• International Trade
•   Trade Balance
•   Composition of Exports and Imports
•   Direction of Trade
• Banking and Finance
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• The Constitution
• The Government
•   The King
•   The Council of Ministers
•   The Legislature
•   The Judiciary
•   Local Administration
• The Political Setting
•   The Political Elite
•   Political Dissent and Political Repression
•   The Palestinians and the Palestine Liberation Organization
• Foreign Policy
•   Relations with Israel
•   Relations with the Arab States
•   Relations with the United States
•   Relations with Other Countries
•   Membership in International Organizations
• Media
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Security: a Perennial Concern
•   Dimensions of the Military Threat
•   Internal Security
•   The Palestinian Factor
• The Military Heritage
•   Historical Role
•   World War II to 1967
•   June 1967 War and Aftermath
• The Military in National Life
• The Armed Forces
•   Command Structure
•   Army
•   Air Force
•   Defense Spending
• Personnel: Composition, Recruitment, and Training
•   Conscription
•   Women in the Armed Forces
•   Conditions of Service
•   Ranks and Insignia
•   Training and Education
•   People's Army and Reserves
• Military Relations with Other Countries
•   Meeting Jordan's Equipment Needs in the 1980s
•   Military Cooperation with the United States
•   Military Cooperation with Other Arab States
• The Internal Security System
• Police Forces
• General Intelligence Department
• Criminal Justice
•   Criminal Code
•   Incidence of Crime
•   Procedures in Criminal Law
•   Martial Law Courts
•   Penal System
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreward
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Times
•   The Phoenicians
•   Assyrian Rule
•   Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire
•   Rule of Alexander the Great
•   The Seleucid Dynasty
• The Arab Period
•   The Arab Conquest, 634-36
•   The Umayyads, 660-750
•   The Abbasids, 750-1258
•   Impact of Arab Rule
•   The Crusades, 1095-1291
•   The Mamluks, 1282-1516
• Ottoman Rule, 1516-1916
•   The Maans, 1120-1697
•   The Shihabs, 1697-1842
•   Religious Conflicts
• World War I and the French Mandate, 1914-41
•   World War I
•   The Mandate Period
•   World War II and Independence, 1939-41
• Independent Lebanon, 1943-76
•   The Khuri Era, 1943-52
•   The Shamun Era, 1952-58
•   The Rise of Shihabism, 1958-64
•   The Hilu Era, 1964-70
•   The Franjiyah Era, 1970-76
•   The Civil War, 1975-76
•   The Sarkis Administration, 1976-82
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   Land
•   Climate
•   Rivers and Lakes
• Population
•   Migration
•   The War and Displacement in Beirut
•   The Palestinian Element
• Sectarianism
•   Lebanese Confessional "Societies"
•   Sectarian and Clan Consciousness
• Religion
•   Tenets of Islam
•   Muslim Sects
•    Sunni
•    Twelver or Imami Shias
•    Ismailis
•    Alawis
•    Druzes
•   Christian Sects
•   Maronites
•   Greek Catholics
•   Roman Catholics
•   Greek Orthodox
•   Jacobites
•   Armenian Orthodox or Gregorian
•   Assyrian or Nestorian Church
•   Protestants
•   Jews
• Languages
•   Arabic
•   Other Languages
• Structure of Society
•   The Family
•   Sex Roles
•   Marriage
•   Child-Rearing Practices
•   Impact of War on the Family
• Living Conditions
•   Prewar Conditions
•   Wartime Conditions
• Education
•   Primary Education
•   Intermediate Education
•   Secondary Education
•   Technical and Vocational Education
•   Higher Education
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Recent Economic History
•   Civil War and Partial Recovery, 1974-82
• The Official Economy in the Mid-1980s
•   Balance of Payments
•   Government Revenues
•   External Debt and Foreign Exchange
•   Inflation
• Banking and Finance
•   Domestic Banking
•   The Central Bank
•   International Banking
• Transportation and Communications
•   Roads
•   Railroads
•   Shipping
•   Aviation
•   Telecommunications
• Agriculture
•   Land and Irrigation
•   Crop Production
• Industry
•   The State of Industry
•   Cement
•   Electric Power and Petroleum Refining
• Aid and Reconstruction
•   Reconstruction and Hope, 1976-82
•   Arab Reconstruction Aid
•   Post-Israeli Invasion Reconstruction, 1982-84
•   Reconstruction and Chaos, 1984-87
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• The Basis of Government
•   The Constitution
•   The National Pact
• The Practice of Government
•   Zuama Clientelism
•   The Presidency
•   The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
•   The Legislature
•   The Judiciary
•   The Bureaucracy
• Political Parties and Groupings
•   Sectarian Groups
•   Phalange Party
•   National Liberal Party
•   Lebanese Forces
•   Amal
•   Hizballah
•   Islamic Amal
•   Islamic Grouping
•   Union of Muslim Ulama
•   Independent Nasserite Movement
•   Progressive Socialist Party
•   Minority Parties
•   Armenian Parties
•   Kurdish Parties
•   Multisectarian Parties
•   Lebanese Communist Party
•   Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party
•   Organization of Communist Action
• Foreign Relations
•   Syria
•   Israel
•   Palestinians
•   Iran
•   United States
•   Soviet Union
• Chapter 5. National Security
• The Creation of the Army
• The Lebanese Political-Military Situation: Independence to 1975
•   The 1948 Arab-Israeli War
•   The Rosewater Revolution
•   The 1958 Civil War
•   The Cairo Agreement and the Prelude to the 1975 Civil War
• The 1975 Civil War
•   The Military Cabinet
•   The Early Stages of Combat
•   Syrian Intervention
•   The Riyadh Conference and the Arab Deterrent Force
•   The Red Line Arrangement
• The Interwar Years
•   Operation Litani
•   Operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
•   The Ascendancy of Bashir Jumayyil
•   The Missile Crisis
•   The Two-Week War
• The 1982 Israeli Invasion and Its Aftermath
•   Operation Peace for Galilee
•   The Siege of Beirut
•   The Multinational Force
•   The Rise of the Shias
•   The May 17 Agreement
•   The Israeli Defense Forces Withdrawal and the Mountain War
•   The Multinational Force Withdrawal
•   The Bikfayya Accord
•   Events in Southern Lebanon
•   Chaos in Beirut and Syrian Peacemaking Efforts
•   Internecine Battles in the Lebanese Forces
•   The War of the Camps
•   The Tripartite Accord
•   Pax Syriana
• The Lebanese Armed Forces in the 1980s
•   Organization and Command Structure
•   The New Defense Law
•   The Supreme Defense Council
•   The Military Council
•   Military Intelligence
•   The Commander in Chief
• The Army
•   The Fourth Brigade
•   The Fifth Brigade
•   The Sixth Brigade
•   The Seventh Brigade
•   The Eighth Brigade
•   The Ninth Brigade
•   The Tenth Brigade
•   The Eleventh Brigade
•   The Twelfth Brigade
•   The Air Force and Navy
• Internal Security and Terrorism
•   Suicide Bombings
•   The Hostage Crisis
• Appendix B. The Opposing Forces in the Lebanese Civil War
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Trade in the Gulf
• The Gulf in the Ancient World
• Early Development of Islam
•   Sunni Islam
•   Shia Islam
•   The Spread of Islam
• The Gulf in the Middle Ages
• The Age of Colonialism
• Wahhabi Islam and the Gulf
• Treaties with the British
• Discovery of Oil
• Independence
• Developments since Independence
• Tribal Nature of Gulf Society
• Chapter 2. Kuwait
• Kuwait -- Country Profile
• Kuwait -- Geography
• Kuwait -- Society
•   Population
•   Education
• Kuwait -- Economy
•   Oil Industry
•   Diversification
•   Agriculture and Fishing
•   Transportation and Telecommunications
•   Banking and Finance
•   Foreign Investment
•   Foreign Aid and Trade
• Kuwait -- Political System
•   Ruling Family
•   Bureaucracy
•   Legislature
•   Constitution
•   The Media
• Kuwait -- Foreign Relations
•   Persian Gulf War
•   Post-Persian Gulf War Foreign Policy
• Kuwait -- RECONSTRUCTION AFTER THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
•   Postwar Society
•   Economic Reconstruction
•   Politics
• Chapter 3. Bahrain
• Bahrain -- Country Profile
• Bahrain -- Geography and Population
•   Geography
•   Climate
•   Population
• Bahrain -- Society
•   Education
•   Health and Welfare
• Bahrain -- The Economy
•   Agriculture and Fishing
•   Petroleum Industry
•   Other Industry
•   Labor
•   Transportation and Telecommunications
•   Banking and Finance
•   Budget
•   Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
• Bahrain -- Government and Politics
•   The Constitutional Experiment
•   Legal System
•   The Media
• Bahrain -- Foreign Relations
• Chapter 4. Qatar
• Qatar -- Country Profile
• Qatar -- Historical Background
• Qatar -- Geography
• Qatar -- Population
• Qatar -- Education and Welfare
• Qatar -- Health
• Qatar -- The Economy
•   Oil and Natural Gas
•   Oil
•   Natural Gas
•   Industry
•   Labor
•   Agriculture and Fishing
•   Transportation and Telecommunications
•   Money and Banking
•   Budget
•   Trade
• Qatar -- Government and Politics
•   The Al Thani
•   The Merchant Families
•   Opposition
•   The Media
• Qatar -- Foreign Relations
• Chapter 5. United Arab Emirates
• Country Profile
• United Arab Emirates -- Geography
• United Arab Emirates -- Population
• United Arab Emirates -- Religion
• United Arab Emirates -- Education
• United Arab Emirates -- Status of Women
• United Arab Emirates -- Health and Welfare
• United Arab Emirates -- Economy
•   Oil and Natural Gas
•    Abu Dhabi
•    Dubayy
•    Sharjah
•    Other Amirates
•   Industry
•    Dubayy
•    Abu Dhabi
•    The Northern Amirates
•   Electricity and Water
•   Labor
•   Transportation
•   Telecommunications
•   Agriculture and Forestry
•   Fishing
•   Banking and Finance
•   Budget
•   Trade
• United Arab Emirates -- Government and Politics
•   Executive and Legislative Branches
•   The Judiciary
•   Ruling Families
•   The Media
•  United Arab Emirates -- Foreign Relations
• Chapter 6. Oman
• Oman -- Country Profile
• Oman -- Geography and Population
•   Geography
•   Climate
•   Population
• Oman -- Society
•   Religion
•   Education
•   Health
• Oman -- The Economy
•   Public Finance and the Five-Year Development Plans
•   Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
•   Hydrocarbon Sector
•    Reserves
•    Oil Production and Exports
•    Foreign Downstream Ventures
•    Gas Development and Production
•   Agriculture and Fishing
•    Agriculture
•    Fishing
•   Non-oil Minerals
•   Industry
•   Tourism
•   Transportation
•   Telecommunications
•   Labor
•   Water and Power
•   Banking
• Oman -- Government and Politics
•   Historical Patterns of Governance
•   Faisal ibn Turki, 1888-1913
•   Taimur ibn Faisal, 1913-32
•   Said ibn Taimur, 1932-70
•   Qabus ibn Said: The Emergence of a Modern State
•    The Dhofar Rebellion
•    State Formation and Politically Influential Groups
•    The Al Said Dynasty
•    Established Merchant Families
•   Government Institutions
•    Consultative Council
•    Judicial System
•   The Media
• Oman -- Foreign Relations
•   Regional Relations
•   International Relations
• Chapter 7. Regional and National Security Considerations
• Historical Overview
•   Impact of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88
•   Persian Gulf War, 1991
• Territorial Disputes
• Regional Security Problems
• Military Capabilities of the Persian Gulf States
• Kuwait
•   Background
•   Organization and Mission of the Forces
•   Role of Kuwaiti Armed Forces in the Persian Gulf War
•   Personnel, Training, and Recruitment
•   Internal Security
•   Police and the Criminal Justice System
•   Human Rights Practices
• Bahrain
•   Persian Gulf War
•   Internal Security
• Qatar
• United Arab Emirates
•   Background
•   Organization and Equipment
•   The Role of the United Arab Emirates in the Iran-Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War
•   Internal Security Problems
• Oman
•   Background
•   Mission of the Armed Forces
•   Organization and Equipment of the Armed Forces
•   Omani Role in the Persian Gulf War, 1991
•   Internal Security
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• The Setting of Saudi Arabia
• Pre-Islammic Period
• The Early Islamic Period, 622-700
• The Middle Ages, 700-1500
• The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500-1850
• Ninteenty-Century Arabia
• The Rise of Abd Al Aziz, 1890-1926
• Nation Building: the Rule of Abd Al Aziz, 1926-1953
• The Reigns of Saud and Faisal, 1953-75
• The Reign of Khalid, 1975-82
• The Reign of Fahd, 1982-
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environoment
• Geography
•   External Boundaries
•   Topography and Natural Regions
• The Hijaz and Asir
• Najd
• Northern Arabia
• Eastern Arabia
• The Great Deserts
• Water Resources
•   Climate
•   The Environment and the 1991 Persian Gulf War
• Population
• Saudis and Non-Saudis
• Diversity and Social Stratification
• Cultural Homogeneity and Values
• Structure of Tribal Groupings
• Tribe and Monarchy
• Beduin Economy in Tradition and Change
• Religion
• Early Development of Islam
• Tenets of Sunni Islam
• Wahhabi Theology
• Shia
• Islamism in Saudi Arabia
• Pilgrimage
• Education
• Health
• Urbanization and Development
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Economic Policy and the Structure of the Economy
• Fundamental Factors that Transformed the Economy
• Economic Policy Making
• Economic Policy During the Oil Boom, 1974-85
• Economic Policy after the 1986 Oil-Price Crash
• Economic Policy in the 1990s
• Five-Year Plans
• Changing Structure of the Economy
• Labor
• Oil and Gas Industry
• Brief History
• Oil Industry in the 1990s
• Structure and Organization
• Crude Oil Production and Pricing Policy
• Crude Oil Reserves and Production Capacity
• Gas Reserves and Production Capacity
• Crude Oil Production and Exports
• Petroleum Refining Capacity, Production, Consumption, and Exports
• Master Gas System
• Upstream Development Plans
• Downstream Development Plans
• Hydrocarbon Sector Transport and Storage Facilities
• Non-Oil Industrial Sector
• Utilities
• Mining and Quarrying
• Manufacturing
• Transportation and Telecommunications
• Transportation
• Telecommunications
• Agriculture
• Traditional Agriculture and Pastoral Nomadism
• Modern Agriculture
• Money and Banking
• External Trade and Finance
• Foreign Trade
• Current Account
• Capital Account
• Foreign Assets and Liabilities
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• Structure of Government
• The King
• The Royal Diwan
• The Council of Ministers
• The Civil Service and Independent Agencies
• The Legal System
• Local Government
• Political Dynamics
• The Royal Family
• The Ulama
• Other Groups
• Media
• Foreign Policy
• Regional Security
• Relations with Iraq
• Relations with Iran
• Relations with the GCC Countries
• Relations with Yemen
• Relations with Jordan
• Relations with the United States
• Arab Nationalism
• Arab Unity
• The Palestinians
• The Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Islam
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Historical Role of the Armed Forces
• Armed Struggle of the House of Saud
• The Ikhwan Movement
• World War II and Its Aftermath
• Naval Warfare in the Persian Gulf, 1987
• Persian Gulf War, 1991
• Security Perceptions and Policies
• The Military Threat
• Collective Security under the Gulf Cooperation Council
• Threats to Internal Security
• The Armed Forces
• Royal Saudi Land Forces
• Royal Saudi Air Force
• Royal Saudi Air Defense Forces
• Royal Saudi Naval Forces
• Saudi Arabian National Guard
• Training
• Personnel and Conditions of Service
• Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
• Military Justice
• Defense Expenditures
• Foreign Involvement and Influence
• Cooperation with the United States
• Cooperation with Other Countries
• Western Cooperation in Domestic Arms Production
• Public Order and the Justice System
• Law Enforcement
• Criminal Justice System
• Crime and Punishment
• Prison Conditions
• Human Rights
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Country Profile
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Syria
• Muslim Empires
•   Umayyad Caliphate
•   Succeeding Caliphates and Kingdoms
•   Ottoman Empire
• World War I and Arab Nationalism
• The French Mandate
• World War II and Independence
• After Independence
•   Shishakli Dictatorship
•   Radical Political Influence
•   United Arab Republic
•   Coups and Countercoups, 1961-70
•   Neo-Baath Dominance, 1963-66
• The Assad Era
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography and Population
•   Land, Water, and Climate
•   Population
•   Density, Distribution, and Settlement
•   Vital Statistics
• The Peoples
•   Arabs
•   Kurds
•   Armenians
•   Others
• Structure of Society
•   Towns
•   Villages
•   Tribes
• The Individual, the Family and the Sexes
• Religious Life
•   Islam
•   Sunnis
•   Shia
•   Ismailis
•   Alawis
•   Druzes
•   Christianity
• Other Minorities
•   Jews
•   Yazidis
• Education
• Health
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Growth and Strucutre of the Economy
• Labor Force
• Role of Government
•   Budget
•   Revenues
•   Expenditures
•   Development Planning
• Agriculture
•   Water Resources
•   Land Use
•   Land Reform
•   Role of Government in Agriculture
•   Cropping and Production
•   Animal Products
•   Agricultural Potential
• Industry
•   Energy and Natural Resources
•   Electric Power
•   Industrial Development Policy
• Foreign Trade
•   Imports
•   Exports
• Balance of Payments
• Banking and Monetary Policy
• Transportation, Telecommunications, and Construction
• Period of Economic Retrenchment, 1986-90
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• Constitutional Framework
• Government
•   The President and the Cabinet
•   The People's Council
•   The Judiciary
•   Local Administration
•  Political Dynamics
•   Background
•   The Baath Party Apparatus
•   The Syrian Communist Party
•   The Power Elite
•   Post-1982 Political Developments
• Political Orientations
•   Attitudes Toward Politics, Political Parties, and Government
•   Concepts of Nationalism, Unity, and the Arab Nation
•   Attitudes Toward Foreign Ideologies and Systems
• Foreign Policy
•   Regional Foreign Relations
•   Israel
•   Lebanon
•   Jordan
•   The Palestinians
•   Iran and Iraq
•   Syrian-United States Relations
•   Syrian-Soviet Relations
• Chapter 5. National Security
• National Security Doctrine and Concerns
• Syria and the Middle East Conflict
•   Historical Background
•   Development of the Syrian Military
•   Syrian-Israeli Hostility
•   Syria and the Lebanese Crisis, 1975-87
•   Syrian-Iraqi Hostility
•   Syrian-Palestinian Tensions
•   Syrian-Jordanian Tensions
•   Syrian-Turkish Tensions
•  Anti-Regime Opposition Movements
•   Ideologically Based Opposition Movements
•   Ethnic and Religious Opposition Movements
• The Regular Armed Forces
•   Size, Equipment, Command Structure and Organization
•   Army
•   Navy
•   Air Force
•   Manpower, Recruitment, and Conscription
•   Military Training
•   Conditions of Service, Morale, and Military Justice
•   Uniforms and Rank Insignia
•   Foreign Influences in the Development of the Armed Forces
•   Special and Irregular Armed Forces
•   Defense Companies (Saraya ad Difa)
•   Republican Guard
•   As Saiqa
• Sponsorship of Terrorism
• The Armed Forces and Society
• Civil Police and Internal Security Apparatus
• Crime and Punishment
• Bibliography
• Glossary

• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Introduction
• Chapter 1. Historical Setting
• Ancient Anatolia
•   Hittites
•   Phrygians and Lydians
•   Armenians and Kurds
•   Greeks
• Rome and the Byzantine Empire
• Turkish Origins
•   Great Seljuks
•   Sultanate of Rum
•   The Crusades
• The Ottoman Empire
•   Ottoman Institutions
•   Selim I and Süleyman the Magnificent
•   Köprülü Era
•   External Threats and Internal Transformations
•   The Young Turks
•   World War I
• Atatürk and the Turkish Nation
•   Plans for Partitioning Turkey
•   Nationalist Movement
•   War of Independence
•   Atatürk's Reforms
• Foreign Policy
•   Turkey after Atatürk
•   World War II
•   Multiparty Politics, 1946-60
•   The Armed Forces Coup and Interim Rule, 1960-61
•   Politics and Foreign Relations in the 1960s
• Crisis in Turkish Democracy
•   Politics and Elections in the 1970s
•   Conflict and Diplomacy: Cyprus and Beyond
•   The Economy: An Unresolved Issue
•   Challenges to Public Order
• Military Intervention and the Return to Civilian Rule
•   Military Interlude
•   Politics and the Return to Civilian Rule
•   Economic Stabilization and Prospects for the 1990s
• Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
• Geography
•   External Boundaries
•   Geology
•   Landform Regions
•   Black Sea Region
•   Aegean Region
•   Mediterranean Region
•   Pontus and Taurus Mountains
•   Anatolian Plateau
•   Eastern Highlands
•   Arabian Platform
•   Climate
• Population
•   Population Density, Distribution, and Settlement
•   Migration
•   Government Population Policies
•   Language Reform: From Ottoman to Turkish
•   Linguistic and Ethnic Groups
•   Turks
•   Kurds
•   Arabs
•   Peoples from the Caucasus
•   Dönme
•   Greeks
•   Armenians
•   Jews
• Religious Life
•   Islam
•   Tenets of Islam
•   Early Development
•   Development of Islam in Turkey
•   Sufism and Folk Islam
•   The Alevi
•   Secularist Policies
•   Retreat from Secularism
•   Non-Muslim Minorities
• Structure of Society
•   The Changing National Elite
•   Urban Life
•   Towns
•   Village Life
•   Anatolian Villages
•   Coastal Villages
•   Villages in the South and East
• The Individual, the Family, and Gender Relations
•   Marriage
•   The Extended Family
•   Gender Relations
•   The Status of Women
• Education
• Health and Welfare
• Chapter 3. The Economy
• Growth and Structure of the Economy
•   Economic Development
•   Reforms under Özal
•   Economic Performance in the Early 1990s
•   Structure of the Economy
• Human Resources and Trade Unions
• Role of Government in the Economy
•   Liberal Interlude
•   Etatism
•   State Economic Enterprises and Privatization
•   Development Planning
•   Budget
• Agriculture
•   Agricultural Policy
•   Irrigation
•   Land Use
•   Land Tenure
•   Cropping Patterns and Production
•   Livestock
•   Forestry and Fisheries
• Industry
•   Industrial Policy
•   Energy
•   Mineral Resources
•   Manufacturing
•   Construction
• Services
•   Banking and Finance
•   Transportation and Telecommunications
•   Tourism
• Foreign Economic Relations
•   Foreign Trade
•   Balance of Payments
•   Regional Economic Integration
• Outlook
• Chapter 4. Government and Politics
• The Constitutional System
•   Provisions of the 1982 Constitution
•   Electoral System
• Government
•   National Assembly
•   President, Council of Ministers, and Prime Minister
•   Judiciary
•   Provincial and Local Government
•   Civil Service
• Political Dynamics
•   Political Developments since the 1980 Coup
•   Political Parties
•   True Path Party
•   Social Democratic Populist Party
•   Motherland Party
•   Welfare Party
•   Democratic Left Party
•   Other Parties
•   Political Interest Groups
•   Military
•   Universities
•   Labor
•   Business
•   Religious Interests
•   Minorities
• Mass Media
•   Newspapers and Periodicals
•   Radio and Television
• Foreign Relations
•   Dissolution of the Soviet Union
•   The Middle East
•   European Union
•   The United States
• Chapter 5. National Security
• Historical Role of the Armed Forces
• The Armed Forces and Society
• Politics and the Military
• External Security Concerns
•   Middle Eastern Conflicts
•   Syria
•   Iran
•   The Balkans
•   Greece and Cyprus
• Turkey's Participation in NATO
• Armed Forces
•   Defense Spending
•   Sources and Quality of Personnel
•   Education and Training
•   Conditions of Service
•   Army
•   Air Force
•   Navy
•   Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
• Military Cooperation with the United States
• Domestic Arms Industry
• Internal Security Concerns
•   Kurdish Separatists
•   Terrorism of the Left
•   Armenian Terrorism
•   Islamists
• Police System
•   National Police
•   Gendarmerie
•   Intelligence Services
• Crime and Punishment
•   Procedures in Criminal Law
•   Incidence of Crime
•   Narcotics Trafficking
•   Individual Rights
•   Penal System
• Appendix B.
• Bibliography
• Glossary

This site is published by B&R Samizdat Express, 33 Gould St., West Roxbury, MA 02132. 617-469-2269 seltzer@samizdat.com

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